Summary

Atrial fibrillation can become self-sustaining due to structural remodeling that results in changes in ion currents over time. Treatment of atrial fibrillation with ablation does not appear to be improved by additional substrate ablation (CFE or Lines) when performed in addition to PVI. There is also mounting evidence for the role of rotors in AF. Many patients experience termination of atrial fibrillation following ablation of rotor sites, suggesting that therapies that target rotors may be one approach to reduce the burden of AF.