Hypothalamic Control of Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1.

    Increasing Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes

  • Figure 2.

    Pathways for Diabetic Pathophysiology

    HT = hydroxytryptamine.Adapted from Elmquist JK, Marcus JN. Nat Med 2003.
  • Figure 3.

    Leptin Receptor Re-expression in Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons

    ARH = hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.Reproduced from Coppari R et al. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: A key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity. Cell Metab 2005;1:63–72. With permission from Elsevier.
  • Figure 4.

    Leptin Receptor Re-expression in POMC Neurons

    LEPR = leptin receptor; loxTB = LoxP-flanked transcription blocker; POMC-cre = cre recombinase in POMC neurons.Reproduced from Berglund ED et al. Direct leptin action on POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice. J Clin Invest 2012;122(3):1000–1009. With permission from the American Society for Clinical Investigation.
  • Figure 5.

    Melanocortin-4 Receptors in Autonomic Neurons Regulate Hepatic Glucose Production

    MC4R = melanocortin 4 receptors; controls = intact MC4R signaling; MC4R flox × Chat-cre = selective deletion of MC4R in cholinergic pre-ganglionic neurons; MC4R-null = ectopic ablation of MC4R; HGP = hepatic glucose production.Reproduced from Berglund ED et al. Melanocortin 4 receptors in autonomic neurons regulate thermogenesis and glycemia. Nat Neurosci 2014;17(7):911–914. With permission from the Nature Publishing Group.
  • Figure 6.

    Blunted Satiety Response to d-Fenfluramine in Mice Lacking Serotonin Receptors

    Gray bars = mice lacking serotonin receptors; blue bars = mice with serotonin receptors.Reproduced from Vickers SP et al. Reduced satiating effect of d-fenfluramine in serotonin 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice. Psychopharmacology 1999;143:309–314. With permission from Springer Verlag.