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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EClinical recognition of tick-borne diseases can be a challenge, because tick\u2014horse interactions are not as well studied as tick interactions with humans and dogs. In addition, clinical signs of equine tick-borne diseases are nonspecific. This article discusses tick identification, characteristics of equine tick-borne diseases, and strategies for prevention and tick avoidance.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EInfectious Diseases\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EWorking Animals \u0026amp; Livestock\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EVeterinary Medicine\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group clinical-trial\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EInfectious Diseases\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EWorking Animals \u0026amp; Livestock\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EClinical recognition of tick-borne diseases can be a challenge, because tick-horse interactions are not as well studied as tick interactions with humans and dogs. In addition, clinical signs of equine tick-borne diseases are nonspecific. Julia H. Wilson, DVM, Turner Wilson Equine Consulting, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA, discussed tick identification, characteristics of equine tick-borne diseases, and strategies for prevention and tick avoidance.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003ETicks can carry the agents of 3 important equine infectious diseases in North America: anaplasmosis, borreliosis (Lyme disease), and piroplasmosis. The most common ticks found on horses are the black-legged tick \u003Cem\u003E(Ixodes scapularis)\u003C\/em\u003E and Western black-legged tick \u003Cem\u003E(Ixodes pacificus)\u003C\/em\u003E, also known as deer ticks, and the American dog tick \u003Cem\u003E(Dermacentor variabilis).\u003C\/em\u003E Both \u003Cem\u003EIxodes\u003C\/em\u003E species transmit anaplasmosis and Lyme disease, but \u003Cem\u003ED. variabilis\u003C\/em\u003E is not an important transmitter of disease in horses. \u003Cem\u003EDermacentor nitens\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EAmblyomma cajennense\u003C\/em\u003E have been implicated in equine piroplasmosis transmission.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003ETick-borne diseases are transmitted when nymphs and adults attach to a host and feed on blood. A tick needs to stay attached for 12 hours to transmit disease. Nonspecific signs that might suggest a tick-borne disease include fever, lethargy, weakness, limb edema, edema under the abdomen, poor appetite, and the presence of ticks. Making a differential diagnosis involves a physical examination; tick identification; a review of associated factors, including the herd history, vectors, exposure, age, and breed; and laboratory tests.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EEquine anaplasmosis, also known as ehrlichiosis, is caused by \u003Cem\u003EAnaplasma phagocytophilum\u003C\/em\u003E, primarily transmitted by \u003Cem\u003EIxodes.\u003C\/em\u003E Reservoirs include rodents and deer. \u003Cem\u003EA. phagocytophilum\u003C\/em\u003E also infects humans and other animals. Incubation takes from 1 to 9 days. The diagnosis is made on the clinical signs and identification of the organism (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T1\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/15029\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 html=\u00221\u0022 fragment=\u0022#\u0022 external=\u00221\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/15029\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/15029\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EDiagnosis of Anaplasmosis, Lyme Disease, and Piroplasmosis\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EMost horses recover from anaplasmosis in 1 to 4 weeks with antibiotic treatment. The most effective is intravenous oxytetracycline. Oral doxycycline is another option. Supportive care includes limb bandages, easily chewed food, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003ELyme disease is caused by the spirochete bacteria, \u003Cem\u003EBorrelia burgdorferi\u003C\/em\u003E, transmitted primarily by \u003Cem\u003EIxodes\u003C\/em\u003E species. Clinical signs are widely variable (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E). Diseases with similar symptoms include anaplasmosis, immune-mediated disease, and leptospirosis. Diagnosis is based on identification of the organism and serum antibodies. Oxytetracycline is the first choice for treatment. Alternatives include high-dose penicillin, oral doxycycline, and minocycline. NSAIDs are used to reduce inflammation. The blood antibody level falls if treatment is successful.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EPiroplasmosis is a tropical protozoal disease caused by \u003Cem\u003EBabesia caballi\u003C\/em\u003E or \u003Cem\u003ETheileria equi.\u003C\/em\u003E It is common worldwide but not in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Japan. Testing is required before importation into the United States. In 2009, however, an outbreak occurred in Texas in illegally imported horses, which led to ticks becoming infected and subsequently transmitting the disease to horses in at least 15 states. Diagnosis is made by identifying the organism (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E). Piroplasmosis is treated with intramuscular imidocarb for 2 days.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003ETick-borne diseases can be prevented by daily inspection and removal of ticks from horses. Pastures should be mowed, horses kept out of woodlands, exposure to leaf litter reduced, and deer excluded from the pasture. Mice can be treated with fipronil, and their nests with permethrin. Tick repellents such as permethrin and DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) should be used on the horses and their riders.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2014 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/14\/25\/8.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzozgd\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_tables.js?nzozgd\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}