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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/cdn\/css\/http\/css_Xg7z6oCTVgud_Q0huYz9x9iiD5H_2YPSJ5z2ZViSWdY.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EA mission of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is to enhance, expand, and improve training in first aid (FA) worldwide. This article reviews the results of a global survey conducted in 2013 by the IFRC to characterize the current situation and identify gaps in education among their member national societies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EFirst Aid\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EPrevention \u0026amp; Screening\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group clinical-trial\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EFirst Aid\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ECardiology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EPrevention \u0026amp; Screening\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EA mission of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is to enhance, expand, and improve training in first aid (FA) worldwide. Pascal Cassan, MD, IFRC Global First Aid Reference Centre, Paris, France, reviewed the results of a global survey conducted in 2013 by the IFRC to characterize the current situation and identify gaps in education among their member national societies [IFRC. \u003Cem\u003EFirst Aid for a Safer Future: Update Global Edition, Report 2013\u003C\/em\u003E. 2014].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EAlthough some countries have high proportions of their population who are trained in FA, there is tremendous variability worldwide. The response rate to the IFRC questionnaire was 40% (77 of 189 societies). The national societies reported that nearly 14 180 000 people were trained annually (about 0.4% of their total population) by some 115 000 active FA trainers (average of 123 persons\/trainer\/year).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EThe proportion of countries that had a legal requirement for FA training varied across occupations. About 35% required it for professional drivers and medical students, 33% for police officers and persons applying for a driving license, about 27% for child-care staff and 24% for school teachers, and 21% for elder-care staff. Of the participating countries, 32% reported a requirement for bystanders to respond to an emergency. In addition, 34% of countries reported that a bystander could be legally sued in the case of an adverse outcome. This must be addressed to increase the willingness of the public to respond to an emergency, stated Dr Cassan. Only 32% of countries confirmed a requirement for a FA kit to be kept in private vehicles.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EThe length of FA training courses was \u2264 6 hours in 53% of the people trained. The training remains valid only for a limited time period in 71% of countries. A refresher course is required by 82% of countries. This was accomplished by face-to-face training in 91%, e-learning in 6%, and a combination of these two techniques in 3%. Dr Cassan anticipates a shift toward more e-learning in the future. The survey confirmed implementation of automated external defibrillator (AED) use by nonmedical personnel in 55% of countries, yet only 23% of the total countries had a law requiring training to use the AED. Only 18% of countries had a law requiring the availability of a public access defibrillator.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EThe major challenges for the decade ending in 2020 identified by the survey were the aging population, road and home accidents, disasters, and heart diseases. FA was identified as a major prevention tool for making communities more aware of potential dangers, especially in disaster-prone areas. Notably, providing FA is cost effective by reducing the severity of injuries and the high cost of downstream medical costs, especially in cases of heart disease and stroke.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe IFRC has developed 10 recommendations based on the results of its global survey to guide future activities:\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022list-ord \u0022 id=\u0022list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-1\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EAccess for everyone to FA education\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-2\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003ECompulsory FA training at distinct stages (eg, school, driving license)\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-3\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003ECompulsory FA training at work\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-4\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003ETime limit for valid FA certificate; refresher course in \u2264 5 years\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-5\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EHarmonization of FA education\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-6\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EActive role given to each citizen for disaster prevention and preparedness\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-7\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003EFund more information campaigns to encourage undertaking FA training\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-8\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003ETarget more vulnerable groups for FA training (eg, family of persons with heart diseases, elderly individuals, persons with disabilities, and minority groups)\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-9\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003EAccess to AEDs in all public places\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-10\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022\u003EClear regulation against holding FA providers responsible for poor outcomes after an accident\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\n      \u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022\u003ESusanne Schunder-Tatzber, MD, OMV Group, Vienna, Austria, addressed the practical challenges to disseminate FA and resuscitation training worldwide and to increase the quantity of people skilled, competent, and equipped to deliver FA. To expand the reach, specific audiences must be targeted using traditional pedagogical approaches or modern technological approaches such as smart phone applications (apps) for FA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Materials and training for persons with special needs have been developed by some national societies, such as a Braille training manual for the blind. Material has been developed even for FA care of pets.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003ECommunity FA training builds capacity, emergency response preparedness, and health promotion. It is especially important in less developed countries, Dr Schunder-Tatzber stated, where FA must be presented with a broader focus than just CPR. The outdoor FA course provides scenario training in the field, such as for motorcycle accidents. In some countries, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires training in FA for first responders in certain industries.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EA course for training schoolteachers has been developed to provide them with the skills and training packages to train students in FA, accident prevention, and healthy habits. The content of the training packages is age appropriate for language level, subject matter, and local culture.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022\u003EDocuments developed by the IFRC include the 2007 First Aid Policy and the \u003Cem\u003EInternational First Aid and Resuscitation Guideline\u003C\/em\u003E (available in 5 languages) [IFRC. 2011], which provides information on FA science and implementation. The guideline and training materials recognize the need for harmonization with national laws as well as the need to adapt them for the local language and culture. The European First Aid Certificate is awarded to national societies whose FA courses meet the established standards. The IFRC successfully engaged the EU Parliament to require (by a 2003 directive) that professional drivers have basic FA training.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003EDr Schunder-Tatzber stated that the type of training and the materials must fit the needs of the specific audience, including being age and culturally appropriate, and fit the local medical environment. World First Aid Day, held every second Saturday of September, was created to raise awareness of FA training through popular and media events.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/42\/6\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022The editors would like to thank the many members of the Acute Cardiovascular Care 2014 presenting faculty who generously gave their time to ensure the accuracy and quality of the articles in this publication.\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-479413882\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022The editors would like to thank the many members of the Acute Cardiovascular Care 2014 presenting faculty who generously gave their time to ensure the accuracy and quality of the articles in this publication.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure1\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/42\/6\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/42\/6\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/42\/6\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/15369\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EThe editors would like to thank the many members of the Acute Cardiovascular Care 2014 presenting faculty who generously gave their time to ensure the accuracy and quality of the articles in this publication.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2014 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/14\/42\/6.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_figures.js?nzojhd\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzojhd\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}