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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/cdn\/css\/http\/css_Xg7z6oCTVgud_Q0huYz9x9iiD5H_2YPSJ5z2ZViSWdY.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThis article reviews the role of thermogenic agents in the management of cardiometabolic risk. The global obesity pandemic represents a major public health problem, in particular since overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors that predispose patients to cardiovascular diseasse and type 2 diabetes [Seale P, Lazar MA. \u003Cem\u003EDiabetes\u003C\/em\u003E 2009].\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EObesity\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group clinical-trial\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EObesity\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EEndocrinology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EDiabetes \u0026amp; Metabolic Syndrome\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EYangha Kim, PhD, Ewha Woman\u0027s University, Seoul, South Korea, reviewed the role of thermogenic agents in the management of cardiometabolic risk. The global obesity pandemic represents a major public health problem, in particular since overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors that predispose patients to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes [Seale P, Lazar MA. \u003Cem\u003EDiabetes\u003C\/em\u003E 2009]. Indicators of abdominal adiposity, specifically waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio have been shown to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in middle-aged women [Rexrode KM et al. \u003Cem\u003EJAMA\u003C\/em\u003E 1998].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EThe search for strategies to stimulate thermogenesis in obesity management represents a current focus of significant attention. Brown adipose tissue is important in thermogenesis and contributes to energy expenditure, and studies have shown its activity significantly affects body weight in mice [Seale P, Lazar MA. \u003Cem\u003EDiabetes\u003C\/em\u003E 2009].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003ECells in brown adipose tissue contain large numbers of mitochondria, the organelles where respiration and thermogenesis occur. Mitochondria also contain uncoupling proteins (UCPs) that function as transporters to control the coupling between cell respiration and phosphorylation of ADP. UCP1 is expressed predominantly in brown adipose tissue, UCP2 is expressed in various body tissues, and UCP3 is expressed in high levels mainly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Although UCP2 and UCP3 do not play direct roles in thermogenesis, they can contribute when fully stimulated by certain environmental factors, and skeletal muscle plays an important role in energy expenditure by activation of uncoupling proteins. In one study, long-term high-fat feeding resulted in increased fat storage in mice lacking UCP3 [Costford SR. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab\u003C\/em\u003E 2008], suggesting it protects against fat gain on high-fat diets. Skeletal muscle UCP3 gene expression was also increased by dietary fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EResearch is ongoing to identify agents to exploit thermogenesis, specifically in the areas of increasing lipolysis, uncoupling protein expression, and body temperature:\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022list-simple \u0022 id=\u0022list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-1\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E\u25aa \u003C\/span\u003EVarious compounds have been shown to stimulate lipolysis, including green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003EPhytother Res\u003C\/em\u003E 2009], polyunsaturated acid (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA) [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003EGenes Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2008], capsaicin [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003EPhytother Res\u003C\/em\u003E 2011], and L-carnitine [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Med Food\u003C\/em\u003E 2006].\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-2\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E\u25aa \u003C\/span\u003EUpregulation of UCP2 has also been described in studies in which rodents were fed capsaicin [Ann JY et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Food Sci Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2011]. Prof. Kim reviewed recently published data from an \u003Cem\u003Ein vitro\u003C\/em\u003E study, demonstrating that EPA and DHA directly control UCP3 gene expression in muscle cells [Lee MS et \u003Cem\u003Eal. Nutrients 2013].\u003C\/em\u003E\n            \u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-3\u0022\u003E\n            \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E\u25aa \u003C\/span\u003EIncreased body temperature, reduced body weight, and white adipose tissue weight were reported in high-fat diet-induced obese mice supplemented with epigallocatechin-3-gallate [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003EAnn Nutr Metab\u003C\/em\u003E 2009]. Increased energy expenditure has also been demonstrated in people following capsinoid ingestion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EIt is suggested that these agents target the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. This pathway is important in cellular energy homeostasis, in particular through inhibition of fat synthesis and promotion of thermogenesis [Lee MS et al. \u003Cem\u003ENutrients\u003C\/em\u003E 2013]. Manipulating these mechanisms may therefore provide novel ways to harness the body\u0027s thermogenic potential for the development of new therapies for millions of obese or diabetic patients.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2013 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/13\/16\/13.1.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nznm5e\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}