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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/cdn\/css\/http\/css_Xg7z6oCTVgud_Q0huYz9x9iiD5H_2YPSJ5z2ZViSWdY.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThe first symposium developed jointly by the American College of Cardiology and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, provided an overview of infectious diseases of the heart. This article features an important review of viral and parasitic infections of the heart and the role of infection in myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery disease.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Eparasitic infections\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Eviral infections\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Einflammatory disease\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Ecoronary artery disease\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\n         \n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EThe first symposium developed jointly by the American College of Cardiology and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, provided an overview of infectious diseases of the heart. The session featured an important review of viral and parasitic infections of the heart and the role of infection in myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery disease CAD.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EIn her presentation, Dr. Maria de Lourdes Higuchi, MD, PhD, The Heart Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil focused on \u003Cem\u003EChlamydia pneumonia\u003C\/em\u003E (CP) and \u003Cem\u003EMycoplasma pneumoniae\u003C\/em\u003E (MP), 2 microorganisms that have been implicated in bacterial infection and inflammatory conditions of the heart and pericardium. MP requires cholesterol for survival, and because vulnerable atheromas are rich in cholesterol, they may provide a favorable environment for MP growth. Studies have confirmed that MP is found primarily in the lipid core of ruptured thrombosed plaques. In addition, mycoplasma may increase the virulence of other infectious agents; for example, Dr. Higuchi noted that research has demonstrated a symbiotic relationship between \u003Cem\u003EMycoplasma hominis\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003ETrichomonas vaginalis\u003C\/em\u003E [Dessi et al. \u003Cem\u003EInfect Immun\u003C\/em\u003E 2005]. \u201cSpecies interaction forms more stable and productive colonies,\u201d she said. The result is more resistant chronic infections.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EIn CAD, coinfection with MP and CP may represent an important contributor to plaque inflammation, instability, and rupture, because greater amounts of MP and CP have been strongly correlated with histologic signs of increased plaque vulnerability. In other studies, CAD or myocardial infarction (MI) has been found to be more prevalent among individuals who are seropositive for both MP and CP, and elevated levels of serum MP and CP antibodies have been found in association with acute MI.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EDr. Higuchi also noted that small amounts of MP and CP have been found in some vessels without atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that another factor may contribute to the proliferation of these microorganisms. Her research has shown that vulnerable plaques also contain archaea, the most primitive microorganisms [\u003Cem\u003EClinics\u003C\/em\u003E 2006]. The powerful antioxidative enzymes of archaea may enable them to enhance the survival of aerobic microorganisms such as MP and CP and to participate in the pathogenesis of plaque vulnerability, said Dr. Higuchi. She added that effective treatment will require targeting the fundamental pathways that maintain the symbiotic state of the microorganisms.\u003C\/p\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2008 MD Conference Express\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/8\/2\/5.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzmgpp\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}