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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cem\u003EStaphylocossus aureus\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E) are Gram-positive spherical bacteria which appear grape-like when viewed through a microscope. \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E colonizes mainly in the nasal passages, but it may regularly be found in most other anatomical locales and is a leading cause of soft tissue infections. This article discusses a study to test the effectiveness of scrubs, gowns, and masks, on the airborne dispersal of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Ebacterial infections\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Escreening \u0026amp; prevention\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\n         \n         \u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/6\/4\/5\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Staphylocossus aureus\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-1971048741\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Staphylocossus aureus\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure1\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/6\/4\/5\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/6\/4\/5\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/6\/4\/5\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/10888\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EStaphylocossus aureus\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cem\u003EStaphylocossus aureus (S. aureus)\u003C\/em\u003E are Grampositive spherical bacteria which appear grape-like when viewed through a microscope. \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E colonizes mainly in the nasal passages, but it may regularly be found in most other anatomical locales and is a leading cause of soft tissue infections. Though normally not associated Staphylocossus aureus with influenza, in the last three pandemics (1918, 1957\u201358, and 1969), the addition of a \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E infection was an important cause of increased morbidity and mortality [Todar K. \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/textbookofbacteriology.net\/staph.html\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/textbookofbacteriology.net\/staph.html\u003C\/a\u003E].\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EThe spread of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureas\u003C\/em\u003E is mainly through human-to-human contact. Each year, some 500,000 patients in American hospitals contract a staphylococcal infection. Therefore, efficacy of commonly used barrier precautions in a hospital setting is of particular interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EBischoff and colleagues conducted a study to test the effectiveness of scrubs, gowns, and masks, on the airborne dispersal of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus.\u003C\/em\u003E During experimental sessions, healthy nasal carriers of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E sitting in an airtight test chamber wearing either street clothes, surgical scrubs, surgical scrubs plus a fluid resistant gown, or the latter plus a face mask (3MTM N95 Particulate Respirator), were exposed to common cold rhinovirus serotypes [Bischoff et al. ICAAC 2006 K1676].\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EInfection was determined by virus isolation in nasal washes and by measurement of homotypic serum-neutralizing antibody titers on paired acute and convalescent specimens. To assess illness, eight symptoms (sneezing, runny nose, nasal obstruction, sore or scratchy throat, cough, malaise, chills, headache) were each evaluated daily by a rating scale of 0 to 4. The total symptom score was the sum of the individual symptom ratings. A cold was defined as being present if a subject had a total symptom score \u0026gt; 6 and a runny nose on 3 or more days and\/or the subjective impression of a cold.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EBased on cold symptom score, all subjects in the study developed a symptomatic cold after the rhinovirus challenge. Compared to counts in those wearing street clothes, airborne levels of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E were decreased by 75% when wearing surgical scrubs, by 80% when adding a surgical gown, and by 82% when wearing a face mask (p\u0026lt;0.001). Male volunteers shed \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E twice as frequently into the air as did female volunteers. No significant alteration of the airborne spreading patterns under different clothing conditions was found. Thus, the most efficient reduction in the airborne spread of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E was obtained by changing into sterilized surgical scrubs. However, even under the most effective clothing regime 0.12 CFUs\/m3\/min of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E were spread into the environment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003ESpecial accommodations such as isolation procedures for \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E carriers suffering from these conditions appear unjustified in view of the airborne dispersal of this pathogen. However, patients and staff should be encouraged to practice basic hand washing techniques, which may include antiseptic washes and shampoos and the application of topical antibiotic ointments to the anterior nares of the nose. The use of disposable aprons and gloves by staff reduces skin-to-skin contact and may therefore further reduce the risk of transmission. The spread of \u003Cem\u003ES. aureus\u003C\/em\u003E is of particular concern as it has become resistant to many commonly used antibiotics [Stucki et al. \u003Cem\u003EAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy\u003C\/em\u003E 2006].\u003C\/p\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2006 MD Conference Express\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/6\/4\/5.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_figures.js?nzm4wq\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzm4wq\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}