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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThe Family Lifestyle and Overweight Prevention Program [FLOW; \u003Ca class=\u0022external-ref external-ref-type-clintrialgov\u0022 href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV\u0026amp;access_num=NCT00454610\u0026amp;atom=%2Fspmdc%2F14%2F26%2F24.atom\u0022\u003ENCT00454610\u003C\/a\u003E] reported that Mexican American children who snacked on peanuts at least once a week were less likely to be overweight or obese, had lower body mass indices (BMI), and had lower levels of total blood cholesterol. This article discusses some of the details from the FLOW program, other weight management strategies, as well as the role of snacking in weight control.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EPediatric Nutrition Diabetes \u0026amp; Metabolic Syndrome\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EObesity\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group clinical-trial\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EPediatric Nutrition\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EEndocrinology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EDiabetes \u0026amp; Metabolic Syndrome\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EObesity\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EThe Family Lifestyle and Overweight Prevention Program [FLOW; \u003Ca class=\u0022external-ref external-ref-type-clintrialgov\u0022 href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV\u0026amp;access_num=NCT00454610\u0026amp;atom=%2Fspmdc%2F14%2F26%2F24.atom\u0022\u003ENCT00454610\u003C\/a\u003E] reported that Mexican American children who snacked on peanuts at least once a week were less likely to be overweight or obese, had lower body mass indices (BMI), and had lower levels of total blood cholesterol. Craig A. Johnston, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, presented some of the details from the FLOW program as well as other weight management strategies.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EThe FLOW study compared intensive intervention with a self-help approach. Intensive intervention consisted of daily contact, weekly nutrition education sessions, 4 weeks of physical activity sessions, and daily snack intervention at school consisting of 1 oz of peanuts or \u00be oz of peanut butter. The self-help group received a book to read and spent intervention time in study hall\/health class.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EBMI was significantly reduced (p = .001) at 3 and 6 months in the intensive treatment group as compared with the self-help group (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E) [Johnston CA et al. \u003Cem\u003EPediatrics\u003C\/em\u003E 2007]. The reduction was sustained up to 2 years (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E) at which time the BMI of 62.1% of children in the intensive intervention program was either maintained or decreased as compared with 35.3% of children in the self-help group [Johnston CA et al. \u003Cem\u003EObesity (Silver Spring)\u003C\/em\u003E 2010].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Percent Change in Standardized BMI at Baseline, 3, and 6 Months\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-399892324\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Percent Change in Standardized BMI at Baseline, 3, and 6 Months\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 1.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/15035\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption attrib\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EPercent Change in Standardized BMI at Baseline, 3, and 6 Months\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-1\u0022\u003EzBMI=standardized body mass index.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-2\u0022\u003EJohnston CA et al. Weight Loss in Overweight Mexican American Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. \u003Cem\u003EPediatrics.\u003C\/em\u003E 2007;120:1450\u20131457. Reproduced with permission from \u003Cem\u003EPediatrics\u003C\/em\u003E, 120, 1450\u20131457, Copyright \u00a9 2007 by the AAP.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F2\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Sustained Benefits in BMI at 2 Years\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-399892324\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Sustained Benefits in BMI at 2 Years\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 2.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F2.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F2.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 2.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F2.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/14962\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption attrib\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ESustained Benefits in BMI at 2 Years\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-3\u0022\u003EBMI=body mass index; ILI=instructor-led intervention; SH=self-help.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-4\u0022\u003EJohnston CA et al. Effects of a School-based Weight Maintenance Program for Mexican-American Children: Results at 2 Years. \u003Cem\u003EObesity.\u003C\/em\u003E 2010;18:542\u2013547. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Inc.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EA follow-up study showed that decreases in BMI were incrementally smaller in children with higher weight classifications [Johnston CA et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Pediatr\u003C\/em\u003E 2011]. Adherence to the FLOW program was relatively high compared with that of adult programs, which have reported compliance to be as low as 2% to 13% [Wing RR, Phelan S. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2005].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EThe role of snacking is integral to weight control. In the FLOW program, a reduction in the number of snacking episodes was associated with a significant decrease in BMI (p \u0026lt; .05). Furthemore, adolescents in the intervention group had significantly reduced their snacking episodes as compared with the control group (p \u0026lt; .05), with a focus on snacks, such as peanuts, which promoted satiety and nutrient density \u003Cem\u003E[Palcic et al. Proceedings of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity\u003C\/em\u003E, 2010). Despite being energy dense, peanuts have a high satiety value, and chronic ingestion evokes strong dietary compensation and little change in energy balance [Alper CM, Mattes RD. \u003Cem\u003EInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord\u003C\/em\u003E 2002].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EOver the past 3 decades, there has been a steady increase in the number of snacks consumed on a daily basis in the United States; snacks now account for up to 27% of daily caloric intake [Piernas C, Popkin BM. \u003Cem\u003EHealth Aff (Millwood)\u003C\/em\u003E 2010]. The number of individuals who snack daily has also increased from 48% to 78%. In the FLOW study, children reported eating snacks 15.5 times a day, mainly between 2 and 11 PM.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003ESnacking is frequently associated with rates of obesity, a growing adolescent problem in the United States [Nicklas TA et al. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Prev Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2003]. Projections to 2020 suggest that obesity could eventually affect 43% of US men and 42% of US women, whereas impaired fasting glucose\/diabetes is projected to affect 77% of men and 53% of women. Strategies to prevent and manage obesity are needed to avoid the projected dramatic increases in the incidence of diabetes [International Diabetes Federation. \u003Cem\u003EIDF Diabetes Atlas.\u003C\/em\u003E 6th ed. 2013].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EDr. Johnston added that inclusion of the family is an important part of the process. Family members are able to create a healthy home environment and allow children to model good behaviors such as appropriate eating, adequate physical activity, and reductions in sedentary habits such as TV viewing.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EKathleen Zelman, MPH, RD, LD, WebMD, Marietta, Georgia, USA, continued the discussion of the role of snacking in weight control by highlighting the possibility of replacing carbohydrates with protein and good fats.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EAs noted previously, the intake of snacks are on the rise whether it be as a meal replacement, eating on the go, or an indulgence. Snacks now provide as many calories as lunch and are the source of about 24% of nutrient intake and about 25% of daily caloric intake for adults and children [United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agricultural Research Service. \u003Cem\u003EWhat We Eat in America\u003C\/em\u003E, NHANES 2007\u20132008; \u003Cem\u003ESnacking Occasions Consumer Trend Report\u003C\/em\u003E 2014]. The American diet falls far short of the goals for vegetables, fruit, dairy, seafood, and, in particular, whole grains (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3\u003C\/a\u003E) but reaches 280% of the limit for food rich in solid fats and added sugars. Peanuts, which are nutrient dense, have been recommended as an appropriate snack. Ms. Zelman reported that daily peanut consumption is associated with longer life and the reduced incidence of diseases such as coronary artery disease and diabetes. Peanut ingestion also improves satiety and weight management.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F3\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Mean Intake of Grains and Whole Grains (Ounce Equivalents)\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-399892324\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Mean Intake of Grains and Whole Grains (Ounce Equivalents)\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 3.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F3.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F3.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 3.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F3.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/14963\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption attrib\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EMean Intake of Grains and Whole Grains (Ounce Equivalents)\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-5\u0022\u003ESource: USDA. Agricultural Research Service. \u003Cem\u003EWhat We Eat in America\u003C\/em\u003E, NHANES 2005\u20132006 and 2009\u20132010.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-6\u0022\u003EReproduced with permission from CA. Johnston, PhD.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003EThe frequency of nut consumption is inversely and independently associated with total and cause-specific mortality. Daily consumption of peanuts\/nuts is associated with a 20% reduced risk of death, whereas its twice-weekly consumption reduces the risk of death by 12% [Bao Y et al. \u003Cem\u003EN Engl J Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2013; Guasch-Ferr\u00e9 M et al. \u003Cem\u003EBMC Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2013]. A number of health studies (eg, the Adventist, Iowa Women\u0027s, Nurses\u0027, and Physicians\u0027) have shown a relationship between the frequency of peanut consumption and a reduced risk of heart disease. Peanuts and peanut butter are associated with reductions in the risk of diabetes for women, although the association between peanuts and diabetes remains unknown (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E) [Sabat\u00e9 J, Ang Y. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2009].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F4\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F4.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Peanuts and Peanut Butter Reduce T1DM in Women\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-399892324\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Peanuts and Peanut Butter Reduce T1DM in Women\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 4.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F4.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F4.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 4.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/14\/26\/24\/F4.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/14964\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption attrib\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EPeanuts and Peanut Butter Reduce T1DM in Women\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-7\u0022\u003ET1DM=Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Source: Jiang R et al. \u003Cem\u003EJAMA\u003C\/em\u003E 2002.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-8\u0022\u003EReproduced with permission from CA. Johnston, PhD.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022\u003EMs. Zelman noted that, in one study, peanuts and peanut butter caused a significant reduction in hunger for up to 12 hours in obese women with a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (p = .01). This is possibly due to a significant increase in the secretion of the hormone peptide YY, which promotes satiety and feelings of fullness [p = .006; Reis CE et al. \u003Cem\u003EBr J Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2013].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022\u003EIn another study from Purdue University, consumption of any type of peanut resulted in reductions in diastolic blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, and triglycerides in individuals with elevated serum lipids and BP as compared with individuals at a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [Jones JB et al. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2014]. Nuts in general contain high amounts of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytoesterols, which may confer health benefits for CVD and T2DM [Jackson CL, Hu FB. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2014], as well as aid in the prevention of inflammation [Ley SH et al. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2014].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003EBoth the American Heart Association and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggest eating peanuts to reduce the risk of heart disease. New nutritional standards for Smart Snacks in Schools highlight peanuts as a healthy snack with zero empty calories. Despite these recommendations, peanuts do not make the list of top 10 foods reported to be consumed as snacks by children aged 9 to 12 years [USDA. Agricultural Research Service. \u003Cem\u003EWhat We Eat in America\u003C\/em\u003E, NHANES 2005\u20132006].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EMs. Zelman concluded that small changes in snacking behavior could improve the future health of adolescents.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2014 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/14\/26\/24.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_figures.js?nzlx9p\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzlx9p\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}