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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EWhen discussing diet quality, the ratios of sodium to potassium, calcium, and magnesium may be more important than intake of any one nutrient. One strategy, particularly for heart and bone health, may be a high-quality diet that increases potassium and calcium intake and reduces sodium.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ENutrition Physiology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group clinical-trial\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ENutrition\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ENutrition Physiology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EWhen discussing diet quality, the ratios of sodium to potassium, calcium, and magnesium may be more important than intake of any one nutrient. Connie M. Weaver, PhD, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, believes the best strategy, particularly for heart and bone health may be a high-quality diet that increases potassium and calcium intake and reduces sodium.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EDespite long-standing research indicating a direct relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular (CV) risk, particularly from hypertension, Americans still consume \u0026gt;3400 mg of sodium daily [United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS). \u003Cem\u003EWhat We Eat in America\u003C\/em\u003E 2009\u20132010]. Particularly compelling evidence of the health benefits of a healthy diet combined with a reduction in sodium intake, come from a 2001 study that evaluated the effect of different levels of dietary sodium in conjunction with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) program in persons with and without hypertension [Sacks FM et al. \u003Cem\u003EN Engl J Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2001]. The DASH dietary program encourages the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy foods. It includes meat, fish, poultry, nuts, and beans and is limited in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, red meat, and added fats. Following the DASH program in conjunction with a reduction in sodium intake substantially lowered blood pressure (BP).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EThe 2010 \u003Cem\u003EDietary Guidelines for Americans\u003C\/em\u003E recommend limiting sodium to \u0026lt;2300 mg per day; however, individuals who are aged \u226551 years and those of any age, including children, who are black or have high BP, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should limit intake to 1500 mg of sodium per day [USDA\/Department of Health and Human Services. \u003Cem\u003EDietary Guidelines for Americans\u003C\/em\u003E, 7th Edition, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, December 2010].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EIn addition to sodium reductions, the 2010 dietary guidelines recommend a daily potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake of 4700 mg (adults), 1000 to 1300 mg (\u0026gt; age 4), and 240 to 420 mg (\u0026gt; age 9), respectively. Animal studies have shown that high potassium intake reduces BP, cerebral vascular lesions, cerebral hemorrhage and mortality, protects against sodium-induced femoral artery intimal thickening, and leads to thinner aortic and mesenteric walls in hypertensive rats. Potassium may also protect against kidney function, interstitial nephritis, and bone resorption.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EThere is an interactive effect of increased potassium and reduced sodium, where one may modulate the level of the other. Urinary sodium\/potassium ratios correct for urine collections and appear to be more informative than either sodium or potassium value alone [Cook NR et al. \u003Cem\u003EArch Intern Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2009]. A positive relationship (\u03c7\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E for trend= \u22122.69; p=0.007) has been noted between urinary sodium\/potassium and stroke mortality in men (aged 40 to 75 years) [He FJ, MacGregor GA. \u003Cem\u003EBMJ\u003C\/em\u003E 2001].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EThe long-term benefit of increased potassium intake on CV disease (CVD) mortality was shown in a trial in which subjects were switched from regular salt to potassium-enriched salt [Chang HY et al. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2006]. Fewer CVD-related deaths after 31 months were seen in individuals receiving potassium-enriched salt (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.95; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/13\/21\/12\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Ratio of Urinary Sodium Excretion to Calcium Intake Needed to Maintain Bone Density\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-2131347427\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022Ratio of Urinary Sodium Excretion to Calcium Intake Needed to Maintain Bone Density\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 1.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/13\/21\/12\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/13\/21\/12\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/13\/21\/12\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/13390\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption attrib\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ERatio of Urinary Sodium Excretion to Calcium Intake Needed to Maintain Bone Density\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cq class=\u0022attrib\u0022 id=\u0022attrib-1\u0022\u003EReproduced with permission from CM Weaver, PhD.\u003C\/q\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EThe average intake of potassium in America is 2640 mg\/day [USDA, ARS. \u003Cem\u003EWhat We Eat in America\u003C\/em\u003E 2009\u20132010], while only 3% of Americans meet recommended adequate in-take for potassium [Fulgoni VL et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2011]. It is becoming increasing difficult to meet both the sodium and potassium requirements without changes in the current food supply, noted Dr. Weaver.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EDr. Weaver\u0027s final topic of discussion was sodium, calcium, and magnesium interactions in adolescents. In a metabolic balance study in black and white girls, sodium retention was higher in black girls compared with white girls [Palacios C et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Clin Endocrinol Metab\u003C\/em\u003E 2004]. As sodium excretion was not greater in blacks, nor did BP or weight increase, the authors speculated that the retained sodium may reside in a nonextracellular compartment, possibly bone. This difference between the two populations may contribute to underlying racial differences in susceptibility to hypertension. In addition, relative to white girls, urinary calcium excretion in black girls is significantly lower with high sodium intake (p\u0026lt;0.05), while calcium retention is higher regardless of sodium intake [Wigertz K et al. \u003Cem\u003EAm J Clin Nutr\u003C\/em\u003E 2005]. These findings may explain racial differences in incidence of hypertension and osteoporosis. Blacks also retain more magnesium regardless of sodium intake [Palacios C et al. Unpublished]. Information regarding the amount of calcium intake and sodium excretion may also be useful for predicting bone loss in postmenopausal women (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E). High-quality diets buffered by increases in potassium and calcium and reductions in sodium may be the best strategy for healthy eating, concluded Dr. Weaver.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2014 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/13\/21\/12.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_figures.js?nzlx1e\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzlx1e\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}