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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/cdn\/css\/http\/css_Xg7z6oCTVgud_Q0huYz9x9iiD5H_2YPSJ5z2ZViSWdY.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThere is very little scientific research that focuses on investigating the severity of drug use associated with acquired brain injury (ABI). This article presents data from a study demonstrating high prevalence rates of drug-related ABI among prisoners in the Australian state of Victoria.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Etoxicology\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Esubstance-related disorders\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EThere is very little scientific research that focuses on investigating the severity of drug use associated with acquired brain injury (ABI). Isaac Daramola, MACNP, MACN, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, presented data from a study demonstrating high prevalence rates of drug-related ABI among prisoners in the Australian state of Victoria [Jackson M et al. Acquired Brain Injury in the Victorian Prison System. Department of Justice, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 2011].\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EAccording to Mr Daramola, correctional agencies have not recognized ABI as an issue of specific concern. Additionally, he noted that current understanding of the prevalence of ABI is limited to its association with head trauma. Consequently, this study was conducted\u2014with limited scientific evidence that proves that drug use can cause ABI and significantly affect frontal lobe function\u2014to investigate the prevalence of ABI and test for drug-related ABI among prisoners in Victoria.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EThe study enrolled adult male (n=110) and female (n=86) prisoners from 2 Victorian prisons. Only sentenced prisoners were included. Those in transit or remand were excluded from the study, as were prisoners with an intellectual disability or those from a culturally and linguistically diverse background.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EThe following 3-stage screening process was used to evaluate participants. In stage 1, an ABI screening tool was used to identify individuals with possible ABI. In stage 2, a clinical interview was used to verify risk factors identified during screening. In stage 3, a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was used to provide a more objective indication of ABI.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EStage 1 data demonstrated that alcohol and drugs were the most commonly recorded risk factors for ABI in both men and women. Compared with male prisoners, female prisoners were more likely to screen positive for drugs (41.3% vs 61.6%) and were less likely to report alcohol as a risk factor (24.8% vs 15.1%).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EOf the participants who originally undertook stage 1 of the screening process, only 74 male and 43 female prisoners completed stage 3. Final results were processed only from those participants who completed all 3 stages (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T1\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/15134\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 html=\u00221\u0022 fragment=\u0022#\u0022 external=\u00221\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/15134\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/15134\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ESelect Data From Prisoners Who Completed All 3 Stages of the Screening Process\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EMr Daramola indicated that of the prisoners who had ABI, 95.6% of men and 94.3% of women reported alcohol use, while 75.6% and 83.0%, respectively, reported cannabis use.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EHe emphasized that the study results demonstrated a high prevalence of drug-related ABI in the prison population compared with the general population. He also noted that the impact of drug-related ABI differed among men and women, as indicated by their different cognitive profiles. While male prisoners presented with more widespread and generalized impairments in all areas, female prisoners particularly showed impairments in spatial abilities, complex attention, and working memory.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EIn summarizing, Mr Daramola indicated that when most prisoners with drug-related ABI leave prison, they leave with severe ABI, and if this goes undetected, it can have significant implications for public safety. These results necessitate the inclusion of ABI screening tools (stage 1) at entry-level assessment points (eg, mental health clinics, family practices, emergency departments, hospitals). He concluded that because severe ABI restricts the prisoners\u0027 ability to recognize the potential consequences of their actions, this can increase risk of reoffending, particularly violent reoffending.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2015 MD Conference Express\u00ae\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/14\/44\/10.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzluhq\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_tables.js?nzluhq\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}