Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) are autoimmune disorders that belong to a largergroup of connective tissue diseases that can occur at all ages. SLE (lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect virtually any organ of the body. This article discusses the histopathological criteria for renal lupus and the implications for therapy, neuropsychiatric SLE, the relationship between scleroderma and pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as future treatments, among other topics.