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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n            \u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThe Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was initiated in 1949 due to the rising epidemic of coronary disease. This article discusses some of the more recent and often overlooked findings of the FHS.\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Eprevention \u0026amp; screening\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003Ecoronary artery disease\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\n         \n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EThe Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was initiated in 1949 due to the rising epidemic of coronary disease. \u201cWe were charged to determine in what particulars those who go on to develop the disease differ from those who manage to escape it,\u201d describes William B. Kannel, MD, FAHA, Professor of Medicine and Public Health at Boston University and current senior investigator of the FHS. Some of the widely acknowledged major contributions of the study are that it has:\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cul class=\u0022list-unord \u0022 id=\u0022list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-1\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EProposed the multivariable risk factor concept and its application for risk assessment\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-2\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EAroused interest in preventative cardiology\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-3\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003EEstablished epidemiology as its major science\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-4\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EDisproved the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy for CVD treatment\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-5\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003ERedefined acceptable values of predisposing risk factors for CVD\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EIn his talk, Dr. Kannel spoke about some of the more recent and often overlooked findings of the FHS.\u003C\/p\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-2\u0022\u003E\n         \u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EAge as a risk factor for CVD\u003C\/h2\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EIncidence of CVD has been shown to increase with age. \u201cSo what do we do about age,\u201d asks Dr. Kannel, \u201cthis is something we cannot change\u2026well\u2026 is that true?\u201d Data from the FHS was analyzed to determine the probability of surviving to age 85 by mid-life cardiovascular risk factor status. These data show that if a woman has no risk factors in middle age she has a 65% chance of surviving to age 85, but 3 or more risk factors decreases this probability to 14%. A man with no risk factors at mid-life has a 37% chance of surviving past age 85, yet only a 2% chance with 3 or more risk factors (Terry DF et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Am Geriatr Soc\u003C\/em\u003E 2005; 53:1944). Maybe, then, age is a modifiable risk factor, at least with forethought.\u003C\/p\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-3\u0022\u003E\n         \u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EEmerging CVD risk factors\u003C\/h2\u003E\n         \u003Cul class=\u0022list-unord \u0022 id=\u0022list-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-6\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003ETotal HDL cholesterol ratio is a robust indicator of overall cholesterol trafficking: lower = better\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-7\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EElevated systolic pressure and decreased diastolic pressure, or pulse pressure\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-8\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003ELeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on an echocardiogram (ECG)\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-9\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EDiabetes; impact is greater for women than men\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-10\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003EAbdominal obesity\u003C\/p\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-11\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003ESpousal aggregation\u003C\/p\u003E\n               \u003Cul class=\u0022list-simple \u0022 id=\u0022list-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-12\u0022\u003E\n                     \n                     \u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E- \u003C\/span\u003EIf a man\u0027s wife has coronary disease, he as at a 2-fold increased risk and vice versa\u003C\/p\u003E\n                  \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-13\u0022\u003E\n               \u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022\u003EThe risk of CVD is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day\u003C\/p\u003E\n               \u003Cul class=\u0022list-simple \u0022 id=\u0022list-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-14\u0022\u003E\n                     \n                     \u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E- \u003C\/span\u003ERisk is unrelated to how long one has smoked\u003C\/p\u003E\n                  \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-15\u0022\u003E\n                     \n                     \u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E- \u003C\/span\u003EQuitting cuts the risk in half compared to those who continue to smoke\u003C\/p\u003E\n                  \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-16\u0022\u003E\n                     \n                     \u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E- \u003C\/span\u003ESmoking, therefore, may play role primarily as a trigger mechanism for the recurrence of MI\u003C\/p\u003E\n                  \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\n            \u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022\u003EDr. Kannel stresses that this is truly a multivariable disease and when analyzing risk, all factors must be assessed, \u201cThe risk [of obesity] is variable depending on the cluster of risk factors, so if there is a patient that can\u0027t lose weight, modify the other risk factors and you modify risk.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n         \u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003EThe benefits of the FHS are multifold. Not only has it raised awareness of risk factors, but it has provided the incentive for drug companies to develop good drugs to lower blood pressure, improve lipid profiles and decrease obesity. It is likely that continued analysis of the data from FHS will provide new insights for years to come.\u003C\/p\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2006 MD Conference Express\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/6\/5\/34.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzm4wq\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}