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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__ce2QY63WIanKyr8eSq7eavr1XQRRmFD6ZSmwpyJi8lM__zXwFqpqmxrZOXXcd_TpBQpjuELbmIP9wBR5UuTDWAO4__YJWWMMdfCJuAFm5cUEp88OsodhO3ZA-2lzRfoBsSlk4.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-sageoa-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n  \n      \n  \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESummary\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003ECancer is a global health problem. The majority of cancer-related studies focus on diagnosis and treatment, but only a minority of the world\u0027s population benefit from these strategies. Primary prevention is, therefore, essential to cancer control. In more developed countries, cancer rates are dropping, but in developing countries, the reverse is true. This trend is due not only to scarce resources, but also to a general lack of prevention knowledge.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EBreast Cancer\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EReproductive Cancers\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EVaccinations\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EGastrointestinal Cancers\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ECancer\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003EAffordability of Care\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ESmoking Cessation\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003ERespiratory Cancers\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003ECancer is a global health problem. The majority of cancer-related studies focus on diagnosis and treatment, but only a minority of the world\u0027s population benefit from these strategies. Primary prevention is, therefore, essential to cancer control. In more developed countries, cancer rates are dropping, but in developing countries, the reverse is true. This trend is due not only to scarce resources, but also to a general lack of prevention knowledge.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003ELung Cancer Prevention\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003ESmoking is not only the main cause of cancer in the world, it is also the main cause of death in adult life worldwide.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003E\u201cStopping smoking works,\u201d emphasized Richard Peto, FRS, University of Oxford, citing a provocative study conducted by Doll et al [Doll R et al. \u003Cem\u003EBMJ\u003C\/em\u003E 2004]. The key to cancer prevention in the next few decades, he urges, is through smoking cessation; smoking prevention in children will lead to a drop in cancer rates in the second half of this century. Indeed, US mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E) show that from 1950\u20131980, mortality from lung cancer increased steadily, correlating with an increase of smokers. From 1980\u20131999, however, when emphasis was placed on smoking cessation, mortality rates decreased dramatically.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022US 1950\u0026#x2013;1999 Mortality Data from Lung Cancer.\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-2051310960\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022US 1950\u0026#x2013;1999 Mortality Data from Lung Cancer.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 1.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/11138\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EUS 1950\u20131999 Mortality Data from Lung Cancer.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EThere are about thirty million new smokers worldwide each year in the US, half of which will be killed if they continue. At that rate, 10 million deaths would occur each year, or 100 million per decade. Therefore, prevention of the estimated 450 million tobacco deaths before the year 2050 requires adult cessation; this necessitates serious implementation of tobacco control throughout the world, particularly in developing countries where such strategies have been inadequate.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-2\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EBreast Cancer Prevention\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EFifty-percent of the world\u0027s 6.5 billion people are women; 79% of these women are less than 50 years old, and 52% are less than 30 years old. However, the preventative agents that are currently being evaluated are being investigated in high-risk women over 50. Therefore, the current targeted population of women in which to prevent breast cancer is only 21% of the world\u0027s 3.28 million women.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003E\u201cI consider it highly appropriate that preventative agents be considered for use in younger women,\u201d concludes Bernard Fisher, MD, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, adding that there are 411,000 deaths due to breast cancer worldwide per year.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EFive randomized trials have been conducted to look at the prevention of breast cancer: NSABP-1 + NSABP-2, IBIS-1, Royal Marsden and an Italian study. The NSABP-1 trial compared placebo to tamoxifen (TAM) in women at increased risk. The investigators of this study observed no difference at onset, but superiority of the TAM arm after 2 years and through 7 years. This study provided the first evidence that breast cancer can be prevented in women at increased risk for the disease and this benefit increased over time. Most striking was the 69% reduction in the occurrence of ER+ tumors. Additionally, this study provided the first algorithm for indicating breast cancer risk and showed that the higher the risk of breast cancer, the more a patient benefited from TAM treatment (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F2\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022TAM Benefit in Breast Cancer.\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-2051310960\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022TAM Benefit in Breast Cancer.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 2.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F2.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F2.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 2.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F2.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/11139\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ETAM Benefit in Breast Cancer.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003E\u201cOnly once before in my 50 years of experience in breast cancer prevention trials have I observed such compelling findings\u2026\u201d remarked Dr. Fisher.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EResults from the NSABP-2 with raloxifene showed similar results to those of TAM. Additionally, IBIS-1, the Royal Marsden study and an Italian study all confirmed the results of NSABP-1 comparing TAM to placebo in the prevention of breast cancer in high risk patients.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-3\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EColon Cancer Prevention\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EThere are several risk factors in colon cancer that cannot be controlled, including age, family history, inflammatory bowel disease, and history of adenomatous polyps. However, there are many risk factors that can be controlled with screening and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. First, polypectomy has been shown to reduce the incidence of colon cancer by 75\u201390% [Winawer SJ et al. \u003Cem\u003ENew Eng J Med\u003C\/em\u003E 1993]. However, due to the unpleasant nature of colonoscopies, a noninvasive stool DNA test is being developed. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have also reduced the incidence of colorectal polyps, colon cancer and colon cancer mortality.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003ENutrition and diet undoubtedly contribute to colon cancer risk. Increases in serving size and soda consumption have contributed to obesity worldwide over the past few decades; this trend needs to be reversed. Additionally, some studies suggest that fiber, vitamin D [Gorham et al. \u003Cem\u003EJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol\u003C\/em\u003E 2005], calcium [Baron et al. \u003Cem\u003EN Eng J Med\u003C\/em\u003E 1999] and folate [Giovannucci et al. \u003Cem\u003EAnn Intern Med\u003C\/em\u003E 1998] reduce the relative risk of colon cancer.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-4\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003ECervical and Hepatic Cancer Vaccines\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003EVaccination is one of the most effective ways of preventing disease. \u201cA vaccine to prevent cancer is an oncologists dream\u201d, comments Hakan Mellstedt, MD, Karolinska Hospital, Sweden, though it works in only very specific cases. When a virus is an essential part of tumor development, such as in the cases of cervical and hepatic cancers, this strategy can be very successful.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003EApproximately 190,000 women die from cervical cancer each year; 78% of these deaths occur in developing countries. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered to be necessary for the development of cervical cancer, specifically subtypes 16 and 18. A study by Koutsky et al [Koutsky et al. \u003Cem\u003EN Engl J Med\u003C\/em\u003E 2002] was the first to show 100% efficacy of a monovalent HPV vaccine against strain 16 infections; follow-up studies confirmed these results. Two vaccines have thus been commercially developed: Gardasil by Merck \u0026amp; Co\/Sanofi-Aventis, and Cervarix by GlaxoSmithKline. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E shows the combined efficacy results of Gardasil in four major trials.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T1\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/11144\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 html=\u00221\u0022 fragment=\u0022#\u0022 external=\u00221\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/11144\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/11144\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ESummary of Efficacy Studies of Gardasil in the per Protocol Populations (005, 007, 013, 015).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EThe appropriate age at which to vaccinate has been controversial. Studies have shown that the ideal age range is between 9 and 12 years old (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3\u003C\/a\u003E), though some people feel this is too young for a vaccine of this nature. It is possible to some extent to play catch up for ages 13\u201326, but either way the vaccine must be given prior to exposure. It should be noted, however, that the vaccine is not a substitute for routine Pap smear screening.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F3\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float  odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022HPV Vaccine Efficacy By Age.\u0022 class=\u0022fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-2051310960\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022HPV Vaccine Efficacy By Age.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 3.\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F3.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00220 first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F3.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 3.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00221\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/content\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/F3.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u00222 last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/11142\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EHPV Vaccine Efficacy By Age.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003EAnother virus that causes cancer is the hepatitis B virus (HBV); this virus causes liver cancer. Approximately two billion people are currently infected with HBV and there are 500,000\u2013700,000 HBV-related deaths each year.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022\u003EA vaccination for HBV was introduced in 1984 in Taiwan, and by 1986 it was administered to all newborns. The vaccine had tremendous success; the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma decreased from 9.8% in 1984 to 0.7% in 1999. Future goals are to introduce the HBV vaccine in all countries with adequate delivery systems by the end of 2007, and to have coverage of 90% by 2010.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-24\u0022\u003EIn conclusion, HPV- and HBV-related carcinomas are preventable with vaccines. For full efficacy, vaccination must be initiated prior to infection, though the duration of protective immunity has not been established and boost immunizations are likely to be necessary.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022boxed-text\u0022 id=\u0022boxed-text-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3\u003EA Global Action: The UICC role\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022graphic\u0022 id=\u0022graphic-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022graphic-inline anchor\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-embed\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/d282kpwvnogo5m.cloudfront.net\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/spmdc\/7\/3\/6\/embed\/graphic-5.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-25\u0022\u003EIn May of 2005, a general assembly of WHO-member states accepted an unprecedented resolution, \u201cCancer prevention and control\u201d which prioritizes cancer control. Additionally, the International Union against Cancer (UICC) has outlined four goals related to cancer prevention:\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022list-simple \u0022 id=\u0022list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-26\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E1) \u003C\/span\u003Eto give children a smoke free world\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-27\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E2) \u003C\/span\u003Eto encourage a healthy diet and physical\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-28\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E3) \u003C\/span\u003Eto educate communities on vaccines that prevent cancer-causing viruses\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-29\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022list-label\u0022\u003E4) \u003C\/span\u003Eto promote \u201csun smarts\u201d by avoiding UV exposure\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-30\u0022\u003ESince today\u0027s children are tomorrow\u0027s world, cancer prevention should undoubtedly be a priority.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2007 MD Conference Express\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/content\/7\/3\/6.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Summary\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_figures.js?nzl5q1\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js?nzl5q1\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022http:\/\/mdc.sagepub.com\/sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_tables.js?nzl5q1\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}