Summary

Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that presents management challenges to clinicians. Pulmonary vein isolation may help patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF convert to prolonged sinus rhythm. However, patients in need for additional substrate modification will likely require radiofrequency ablation as the preferred ablation technology. For patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac resynchronization therapy may be achieved by simultaneously pacing both the left and right ventricles; endocardial pacing is likely superior to epicardial pacing.